Chronic pain is determined by emotions, scientists believe

This is a very dangerous assumption.  People have often been told "It's all in your mind" when they in fact have serious illnesses

The emotional state of the brain can explain why different individuals do not respond the same way to similar injuries, say scientists.  Some recover fully while others remain in constant pain.

Brain scan studies showed for the first time how chronic pain emerges as a result of an emotional response to an injury.

The process involves interaction between two brain regions, the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.

Lead scientist Professor Vania Apakarian, from Northwestern University in Chicago, US, said: "The injury itself is not enough to explain the ongoing pain. It has to do with the injury combined with the state of the brain."

The more emotionally the brain reacted to the initial injury, the more likely it was that pain will persist after the injury has healed, he said.

Prof Apakarian added: "It may be that these sections of the brain are more excited to begin with in certain individuals, or there may be genetic and environmental influences that predispose these brain regions to interact at an excitable level."

The research involved 40 volunteers who had all suffered an episode of back pain lasting one to four months.

Four brain scans were carried out on each participant over the course of one year.

The results, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, made it possible to predict with 85% accuracy which individuals would go on to develop chronic pain.

The nucleus accumbens teaches the rest of the brain how to evaluate and react to the outside world.  Prof Apakarian said it may use the initial pain signal to teach other parts of the brain to develop chronic pain.  "Now we hope to develop new therapies for treatment based on this finding," he added.

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The colonic irrigation fad

Q: How safe is colonic irrigation? I have friends who swear by it as a cure for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but I’ve also read that it gets rid of important 'friendly’ bacteria in the gut. Does it benefit people with digestive problems and if so how often is it recommended?

THE GP Rupal Shah

There is no evidence that colonic irrigation is effective at treating IBS, or indeed any other medical condition. The idea that 'detoxification’ is somehow beneficial goes very much against mainstream medical thinking. The colon naturally eliminates waste material and absorbs water and electrolytes, and colonic irrigation has the potential to disturb this balance, leading to dehydration and salt depletion.

THE REGISTERED DIETICIAN Nigel Denby

While there is no evidence to suggest that having a colonic is particularly dangerous, there’s nothing to support the idea that it will really do you any good, either. The same goes for other 'cleansing’ treatments – detox clinics and so on. Our body is perfectly well equipped to do all of these things itself, and forcing the process is likely to give psychological satisfaction rather than any physiological boost.

THE NUTRITIONAL THERAPIST Melanie Brown

Colonic irrigation is based on the theory that impacted faecal waste causes 'auto-intoxication’ but there is no evidence supporting this. The delicate ecosystem of bacteria is almost certainly disrupted so re-population with probiotics is essential. Electrolyte balance may be affected and vitamins B and K, made by gut bacteria, lost. It is an invasive treatment so finding a qualified, experienced therapist is vital

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